Jurnal Farmasi & Sains Indonesia

Utilization of Grapefruit Peel Essential Oil (Citrus maxima) as an Antibacterial Alternative for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus in Spray Deodorants

Dilha Octaviani, Nurfiddin Farid, Surya Syarifuddin — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Cleanliness and body odor are major and important factors of personal hygiene and appearance. If a person's body smells good, their self-confidence will be higher. Using soap and water as a body wash when bathing is relatively ineffective in preventing body odor. So several other alternative actions can be taken, such as using anti-body odor cosmetic preparations (deodorant). This research aims to determine whether grapefruit peel (Citrus maxima) essential oil can be formulated as a spray deodorant that meets physical quality requirements and to determine its antibacterial effectiveness on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. The method used in this research is experimental with a formula design divided into four formulas, F0 without essential oil, F1 with the addition of 0.5% essential oil, F2 with the addition of 1% essential oil, and F3 with the addition of 1.5% essential oil. The finished doedorant preparation was then subjected to organoleptic testing, homogeneity, pH, dry time, spraying pattern, cycling test for 6 cycles, and antibacterial activity test. The results of this research show that grapefruit peel (Citrus maxima) essential oil can be made into a spray deodorant that meets physical quality requirements. The results of the research show that the formulation has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, with an F1 inhibition zone of 0.5% 3.8 mm (weak), F2 1% 4.5 mm (weak), F3 1.5% 15.2mm (strong). In Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria, the inhibition zone is F1 0.5% 3.5 mm (weak), F2 1% 4.6 mm (weak), and F3 1.5% 14.8 mm (strong).

Study of Acute Nasopharyngitis Drug Use Based on World Health Organization (WHO) Prescribing Indicators at the Antibar Community Health Center in Mempawah

Nabilah Ananda Putri, Ressi Susanti, Indri Kusharyanti — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Acute nasopharyngitis is a mild respiratory infection caused by a virus. This disease is common in children to adults. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that more than 50% of drugs are used inappropriately, causing polypharmacy, antibiotic resistance, wasteful costs and drug interactions. This study aims to assess the appropriateness of drug use for acute nasopharyngitis at Antibar Mempawah Community Health Center based on WHO prescribing indicators. This study is a non-experimental study with a descriptive cross sectional design. Data were collected retrospectively through 411 medical records of acute nasopharyngitis patients in 2022 with randomized sampling technique. The results obtained were the average number of drug items per prescription sheet was 3.35, the percentage of drugs prescribed with generic names was 95.13%, prescribing drugs with antibiotics was 42%, prescribing drugs with injection preparations was 0%, drugs prescribed based on the National Formulary was 75.9%.

MAKING PAPER SOAP FROM BUTTERFLY PEA FLOWER EXTRACT WITH TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS AND STIRRING

Aprilia Donna Novitasari, Dewi Fitriani Puspitasari, Lilies Wahyu Ariani — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Soap is a health supply that is much needed to maintain cleanliness. Telang flowers have the potential to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, so that their potential can be utilised in making soap made from nature. One form of soap that is currently trending is paper soap. Formulating bayang flower extract in paper soap making, it is necessary to pay attention to pH and temperature factors, because the colour stability of bayang flower anthocyanins is easily affected by temperature and pH. In paper soap making, temperature and stirring factors will also have an influence on the character of the resulting paper soap. In this study, a study was conducted to make bayang flower paper soap by looking at the effect of temperature during manufacture and stirring on the characteristics of soap including pH, moisture content, and colour of paper soap. The method of making paper soap is conditioned on variations in manufacturing temperature, namely 77 ° C, 85 ° C and 92 ° C and variations in stirring speed at 280, 350 and 420 rpm. The telang flower extract was made using the maceration method in a ratio of 1:6, using a combination of 70% ethanol and 0.42% NaOH solvents (6:4), the extract was used with a concentration of 10%. The results show that paper soap made with increasing temperature and stirring has a decreasing pH value and moisture content and has a darker green colour variation.

Keywords: bay flower, paper soap, temperature

MONITORING SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTITUBERCULOSIS DRUGS (OATS) IN PATIENTS WITH TUBERCULOSIS AT TUGUREJO REGIONAL GENERAL HOSPITAL SEMARANG

Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Monitoring of side effects of antituberculosis drugs (OAT) in tuberculosis (TB) patients during the intensive treatment phase. Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, requires the use of OAT which can cause a variety of side effects. Research shows that common side effects experienced by TB patients include joint pain, nausea, lack of appetite, and dizziness. The high incidence of these side effects has the potential to affect patient compliance in undergoing treatment, which has an impact on the success of TB therapy.

The research method used is descriptive observation with a cross-sectional approach. Data was taken from patients undergoing treatment at various hospitals and health centers. The results showed that most patients experienced mild side effects, with frequency varying depending on the week of treatment. In the first week, almost all patients reported side effects, while the frequency tended to decrease over time.

Regular monitoring of OAT side effects is essential to improve patient compliance and prevent treatment discontinuation. Health workers are expected to conduct periodic evaluations and provide support to patients to stay motivated. With effective monitoring, the risk of serious side effects can be minimized, and treatment outcomes for TB patients can be improved.

Overview of Drug Therapy for Geriatric Patients After Hospitalization in the Internal Medicine Ward at Panti Wilasa Dr. Cipto Hospital Semarang

Novi Triananingsih, Maria Caecilia NSH, Fita Rahmawati — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Geriatric patients are elderly patients (>60 years) who have various chronic diseases with polypharmacy that varies by age group. This study aims to determine the differences in the age of elderly patients according to age group in the internal medicine ward of Panti Wilasa RSUD Dr. Cipto. This study is a descriptive study with retrospective data collection on discharge prescriptions of geriatric patients after undergoing inpatient care in the internal medicine ward obtained from medical record data. Sampling used a purposive sampling technique. In this study were classified into three groups: age 60 to 74 years; age 75 to 90 years; and age > 90 years. During the study period 86% were aged 60-74 years and 14% were aged 75-90 years, while in this study there were no ages over 90 years. In this study the most common gender was male, namely in the 60-74 age group 50.5% while in the 75-90 age group 73.3%. The length of hospitalization in the 60-75 age group was 49.5% and the 75-90 age group 60%, namely 4-5 days. And the top 5 types of drugs that are widely used in this age group are omeprazole, aspirin, metoclopramide, spironolactone and warfarin. The number of diagnoses received by the age group 60-74 years with 2 diagnoses 34.7%, with 3 diagnoses 31.6%. While the number of diagnoses received by the age group 75-90 years with 2 diagnoses 40%, with 3 diagnoses 33.3%. This shows that elderly patients have the same therapeutic picture in terms of age group.

Keywords: Geriatric Patients, Internal Medicine Ward, Polypharmacy, Chronic Disease.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GEL PREPARATIONS OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF CHINESE PETAI LEAVES (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) WITH VARIATIONS IN CARBOPOL 940 BASE CONCENTRATION

Natasha Triska Suri, Desy Nawangsari, Dina Febrina — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Chinese petai leaves (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit.) contain compounds in the flavonoid, saponin, and tannin groups that have antioxidant activity. Chinese petai leaves need to be developed in the form of a gel preparation with a karbopol 940 base. Karbopol 940 is a gelling agent that is very commonly used in cosmetic production due to its high compatibility and stability, non-toxicity when applied to the skin, and ease of spreading on the skin. This study aims to determine the formulation of ethanol extract gel from petai cina leaves with physical properties and physical stability, to assess the irritation effects on the skin of albino rabbits, and to evaluate the respondents' preference for the gel preparation. This research is an experimental study. The extraction method used was maceration with 70% ethanol as the solvent. The formulation of the ethanol extract gel from the Chinese petai leaves used a carbopol 940 base with concentration differences of F1 0,5%, F2 1%, and F3 2%. The research results showed that the organoleptic physical properties had a distinctive smell, were brown in color, and had a gel form. The homogeneity test indicated that the gel preparation was homogeneous. The pH test results met the standards. Based on statistical testing, it was found that pH, viscosity, and spreadability obtained p-value <0,05, indicating a significant difference due to the varying concentrations of carbopol used in each formula. The adhesion test results did not show a significant effect. In the irritation test, it showed very mild irritation and the preference level indicated the highest percentage of 34,60%.

Formulation and Wound Healing Test of Methanol Extract Cream Preparation of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Leaves on Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Yulia Kristyanti, Evanisia More — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The development of a cut wound cream dosage form from Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaf extract has been carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine the most optimal dose of moringa leaf extract cream preparation that can heal cut wounds in male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculuc). Moringa leaves were macerated with 96% methanol, cream formulation with varying doses of extract, namely 10% (F I), 12% (F II), 14% (F III), negative control (cream base without extract) and positive control (Bionect). Healing test on male rabbit skin that has been given skin incision treatment for all formulas and controls. The results showed that the test animals gave a healing effect on the average decrease in wound length successively in each treatment group, namely positive control, F III, F II, FI and negative control showed an average decrease in wound length of 0.75 cm, 0.76 cm, 0.87 cm, 1.02 cm and 1.19 cm on the11, 12, 13 and 14 days.

ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL VULNERABILITY FACTORS TO FILARIASIS INFECTION IN THE KURIPAN KERTOHARJO AREA, SOUTH PEKALONGAN

Farah Destyana Nurainy, Anisa Nova Puspitaningrum, Untsa Alfiyaturrakhma — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Filariasis is a chronic infectious disease caused by filarial worm infection and transmitted through mosquito bites as a vector. This disease is still a public health problem in several regions in Indonesia, including in Kuripan Kertoharjo Village, South Pekalongan District, which is an endemic area for filariasis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influence individual susceptibility to filariasis infection in the region.

This study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 100 respondents who were selected purposively based on certain criteria such as domicile, age, and exposure history. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and observations of the environmental conditions of the respondents' homes. The variables studied included demographic factors (age, gender, occupation), individual behavior (use of mosquito nets, habits of going out at night), level of knowledge about filariasis, and environmental conditions (sanitation, presence of puddles, housing density). Data analysis was carried out using the chi-square test and logistic regression to determine the relationship and influence of each variable on infection susceptibility.

The results showed that low levels of knowledge, the habit of not using mosquito nets, and poor environmental conditions significantly increased the risk of individuals contracting filariasis (p < 0.05). The conclusion of this study is that susceptibility to filariasis is influenced by the interaction between behavioral factors, knowledge, and environmental conditions. Public health interventions that focus on education, behavioral change, and environmental improvement are needed to reduce the rate of filariasis transmission in endemic areas.

Molecular Docking Study of Quercetin as an IGF1R Inhibitor for Anticancer Potential

Puput Eka Suryani, Raden Roro Erni Kusuma Putri, Annisah Mahanani — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world and its incidence continues to increase every year. In 2024, there will be more than 20 million new cases of cancer with a death toll reaching 10 million people. This high mortality rate is a challenge in itself in developing effective, selective, and minimal side effect cancer therapies. One approach that is currently being widely developed is therapy based on suppressing the cancer cell growth signal pathway, one of which is through inhibition of the Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF1R) receptor which is known to play an important role in proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to cancer therapy. From several experiments based on quercetin as an IGF1R inhibitor, there has been no explanation whether quercetin is capable of being an IGF1R inhibitor agent at the intracellular level. This study aims to evaluate the role of quercetin on the kinase domain and its activity at the ATP-binding site in silico through the molecular docking method. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that quercetin is capable of acting as an IGF1R protein inhibitor. This was confirmed by several bonds formed between residues Val331A, Asp292A, Glu294A, Ser287A through hydrogen bonds with quercetin

Article Review: Plants from the Garut Arboretum That Have Potential as Hepatoprotectors

Atun Qowiyyah, Genialita Fadhilla, Hermida Ritonga — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Hati berperan penting dalam proses metabolisme, konjugasi dan detoksifikasi, oleh karena itu mengonsumsi berbagai zat toksik dapat menyebabkan kerusakan hati. Penting untuk mencegah paparan zat toksik atau menggunakan zat yang dapat melindungi hati, yaitu hepatoprotektor yang dapat diperoleh dari bahan-bahan herbal, salah satunya berasal dari Arboretum Garut. Koleksi tanaman Arboretum Garut telah diinventarisasi tetapi efek hepatoprotektor dari tanaman tersebut belum diidentifikasi. Ulasan artikel ini bertujuan untuk mencari informasi ilmiah tentang beberapa tanaman di Arboretum Garut yang berpotensi memiliki aktivitas hepatoprotektif. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literatur, tahap pertama literatur offline, kemudian studi literatur online berupa artikel ilmiah yang dipublikasikan secara online di jurnal nasional dan internasional yang terakreditasi dan diterbitkan dalam 10 tahun terakhir. Berdasarkan hasil kajian, terdapat 25 tanaman dari 20 famili yang berpotensi memiliki aktivitas hepatoprotektif yang telah diuji secara in vivo ditandai dengan adanya penurunan aktivitas enzim ALT, AST, ALP, kadar bilirubin, dan MDA, peningkatan kadar albumin, dan protein total, serta perbaikan histopologi hati. Tanaman pangan tersebut adalah: Anacardiaceae (mangga dan jambu mete), Mimosaceae (petai dan trembesi), Lauraceae (alpukat dan kayu manis), Moraceae (nangka dan sukun), Musaceae (pisang), Annonaceae (suku), Apocynaceae (pule), Clusiaceae (manggis), Ebenaceae (kesemek), Elaocarpaceae (kersen), Euphorbiaceae (ubi kayu), Lamiaceae (jati), Magnoliaceae (camilan kuning), Malvaceae (gedi), Oxalidaceae (belimbing), Punicaceae (delima), Rutaceae (jeruk nipis), Sapindaceae (matoa), Sapotaceae (sapodilla manila).

The Effect Of Antipsychotic Administration On Metabolic Syndrome In Schizophrenia Patients In Hospital X Jakarta For The Period July 2023 - December 2023

Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder requiring long-term treatment with antipsychotics. Although effective in managing psychotic symptoms, antipsychotics such as Haloperidol (first-generation) and Clozapine (second-generation) carry risks of inducing metabolic syndrome, particularly hypertension and obesity. This study aims to compare the effects of Haloperidol and Clozapine use on the incidence of metabolic syndrome, specifically hypertension and obesity, in schizophrenia patients based on the 2021 PERKENI criteria. This analytical non-experimental study used a cross-sectional design with retrospective data from medical records of inpatient schizophrenia patients at X Regional Special Hospital Jakarta from July–December 2023. A total of 95 patients were selected by purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. The majority of patients were male (56 patients, 58.95%) and aged 31–50 years (44 patients, 46.32%). Haloperidol was used by 50 patients (52.63%), while Clozapine was used by 45 patients (47.37%). The medication was administered orally as a single agent, 1–3 times daily, with doses ranging from 0.5 mg to 100 mg and an average treatment duration of 30 days. Total drug administrations were recorded 133 times due to some patients receiving more than one dosage form (tablet and single compound). Metabolic syndrome was observed in 40 patients (42.11%). Haloperidol significantly increased blood pressure compared to Clozapine (p = 0.036), but no significant difference was found in body mass index (p = 0.885). Haloperidol poses a higher risk of inducing hypertension than Clozapine. Routine blood pressure monitoring is essential during therapy.

Formulation and evaluation of physical properties of shaving cream extracted from turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa Linn.)

Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The hair follicle is an unavoidable part of the skin and its growth can make some people feel uncomfortable. The use of shaving cream can help the shaving process, but daily use can cause the skin to become dry. Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) is often used in cosmetics because it has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that maintain moisture and reduce skin redness. Curcumin in turmeric also has antiandrogenic effects that can remove fine hair. This study uses curcumin contained in turmeric as the active substance of shaving cream which has a concentration of 0.1%; 0.25%; 0.5%. Antioxidant activity testing was carried out with DPPH radical scavenging (2.2-diphenyl-1-picylhydrazyl) resulting in IC50 on turmeric extract of 94.63 ppm. The results of phytochemical screening on extracts are known to contain secondary metabolites that were successfully analyzed were Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Triterpenoids, Tannins, Anthraquinones, and Polyphenols. The physical evaluation of turmeric rhizome extract shaving cream preparation meets the requirements, except for the pH test. The results obtained IC50 values of turmeric rhizome extract shaving cream are 1377.78 ppm in F1; 1591.55 ppm in F2; and 1637.93 ppm in F3, so it is still classified as very weak and less effective. In the skin moisture test on 10 respondents with 5 women and 5 men there was an increase in % moisture after the use of shaving cream on days 1, 3, 5 and 7.

FORMULATION AND STERILITY TEST OF RAMANIA LEAF EXTRACT CREAM PREPARATION (Bouea macrophylla Griffith)

Yusuf Anggoro Mukti, Saftia Aryzki, Najwa Ramadina, Rabiatul Adawiyah — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a cream based on Ramania leaf extract (Bouea macrophylla Griffith), known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. The aim of the study is to develop an effective topical cream using different concentrations of Ramania leaf extract. Two different formulations were prepared and evaluated through various tests, including organoleptic evaluation, spreadability, adhesiveness, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, and stability. An experimental method was employed to determine the optimal formulation. The results showed that formulations 1 and 2, containing 5% and 6% Ramania leaf extract, demonstrated the best characteristics, including a homogeneous semi-solid texture, appropriate pH, sufficient adhesiveness, and optimal spreadability. These findings suggest that the Ramania leaf extract cream has the potential to be used as a topical product with good stability and potential therapeutic benefits.

Keywords: Ramania leaf extract, topical cream, formulation evaluation.

Optimization and Formulation of Anti-Inflammatory Nano Spray Gel Preparation from Fermented Red Ginger Extract (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum)

Ni Wayan Rika Kumara Dewi, Pande Putu Cintya Wiarni Putri, Made Prita Artika — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Abstract

Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) is one of the herbal plants that has anti-inflammatory activity. This study aims to determine the effect of red ginger fermented extract concentration on the physical quality test of nano spray gel preparation. The research method used was laboratory experimentation including fermentation process, extraction, and preparation of nano spray gel. Fermentation of red ginger powder simplisia using Trichoderma harzianum. Formulation of nano spray gel dosage form with active ingredient of red ginger fermented extract with variation of extract concentration 0% (F0); 0.25% (F1); 0.50% (F2); 0.75% (F3); and 1% (F4). Physical quality evaluation included organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, adhesive spreadability, spray pattern, dry time, percent transmittance and phase separation. The results showed that all formulations had good characteristics. Organoleptic tests met the criteria, all preparations were homogeneous with a pH range of 5.6-5.9, viscosity 1884-513 cps, optimal adhesive spreadability, good spray pattern, dry time less than 5 minutes, percent transmittance 98.8-99.9% and no phase separation. Statistical analysis using ANOVA showed significant differences in viscosity test (p = 0.000), dry time test (p = 0.000) and percent transmittance test (p = 0.000), while pH test (p = 0, 059) did not show significant differences. The conclusion of this study is that the concentration of red ginger fermented extract affects the physical quality of nano spray gel preparations with 1% concentration declared the most optimal.

Keywords: red ginger, anti-inflammatory, fermentation, nano spray gel

PHYSICAL STABILITY AND ACTIVITY TEST OF ANTIOXIDANT LOTION PREPARATION FROM MORINGA OLEIFERA L. LEAF EXTRACT USING DPPH METHOD

Evanisia More, Yulia Kristyanti, Christin A Beama, Yuliana Caranina Seran — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Moringa plant (Moringa Oleifera Lamk) is one of the plants that is used for nutritional and health needs. Moringa leaves contain tannin compounds, steroids and triterpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, which have antioxidant activity. The aim of this research is to determine the physical stability of the Moringa leaf extract lotion preparation and to determine the antioxidant activity of the Moringa leaf extract lotion preparation using the DPPH method. This type of research is an experimental study consisting of 4 test groups, namely lotion preparation without extract, 1% Moringa leaf extract lotion preparation, 3% Moringa leaf extract lotion preparation and 5% Moringa leaf extract lotion preparation. The parameter observed was the storage of the Moringa leaf extract lotion preparation for 1 month. The lotion preparation of Moringa Oleifera L. leaf extract at concentrations of 0%, 1%, 3% and 5% showed no significant changes in the organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, viscosity test, spreadability test and stickiness test so it is said that the preparation is stable during storage. Moringa leaf extract (Moringa Oleifera L.) lotion preparations with concentrations of 0%, 1%, 3% and 5% have IC50 values respectively, namely (86.35), (66.60), (44.12), (11.89).

Keywords: Moringa plant (Moringa Oleifera L.), lotion preparation, antioxidant

In Silico Studies of Indonesian Marine Invertebrate Metabolites against ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Spike Protein

Matheus Prayoga Claus, Masteria Yunovilsa Putra, Joko Tri Wibowo, Arry Yanuar — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Indonesia has a diverse marine biota with bioactive substances that may provide a way to overcome COVID-19. In this research, we explored secondary metabolites isolated from marine invertebrates in Indonesia. A total of 137 compounds from different types of invertebrates were screened against ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein. In relation, molecular docking and ADMET prediction were investigated to find the best compound. A molecular dynamics study was performed to determine the stability of the binding between the compound and ACE2 and RBD of the Omicron spike protein virus receptor. The results showed that acanthomanzamine E and cortistatin L have prominent molecular docking properties as ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein blockers with binding energies of -12.87 and -9.96 kcal, respectively. The ADMET results also showed that both compounds have a promising drug-likeness, with only minor exceptions in partition coefficient (logP) and half-life. In conclusion, acanthomanzamine E and cortistatin L have shown significant potential as lead compounds for drug targeting ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 blockers.

LEVEL OF MEDICATION ADHERENCE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA OUTPATIENTS IN THE WORKING AREA OF HEALTH CENTER X TASIKMALYA REGENCY

Hasbi Muhammad Sidik, Ilham Alifiar, Citra Dewi Salasanti — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental condition characterized by communication disturbances, impaired reality perception, abnormal emotional behavior, and cognitive function impairment. According to the WHO in 2022, there are approximately 24 million people with schizophrenia worldwide, with the highest prevalence in East Asia (8 million), followed by South Asia (4 million) and Southeast Asia (2 million). In Indonesia, the 2018 Riskesdas survey reported a prevalence of 6.7% for schizophrenia per 1000 households. This study aims to determine the extent of medication adherence among outpatient schizophrenia patients in the working area of Health Center X in Tasikmalaya Regency. The observational method with a cross-sectional approach was used, where data were prospectively collected through interviews using the Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) questionnaire. The study subjects consisted of 13 respondents who were schizophrenia patients receiving treatment at Health Center X in Tasikmalaya Regency. The research findings indicate that 9 out of 13 respondents had high adherence levels, while the remaining 4 had low adherence levels. Factors such as gender, age, education level, occupation, and marital status did not significantly influence medication adherence.

Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Test of Acne Patch Preparations Made from Ethanol Extract of Clove Leaves (Syzygium aromaticum) Against Propionibacterium acnes Bacteria

Ratna Nurfadilah, Lina Rahmawati Rizkuloh, Ali Nofriyaldi — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There are many major problems with the skin, especially the face, that occur in some men and women. Acne is a skin disorder characterized by inflammation of the skin. Acne caused by Propionibacterium acnes bacteria is generally treated by Clindamycin capsules 300 g. However, the drug clyndamicin used by the oral route has side effects. So, there are alternative anti-acne drugs that have fewer side effects. Clove leaves from the clove tree can be used as medicine. The tannin compounds in clove leaves have antibacterial activity. In this research method, an acne patch preparation is made from clove leaf extract (includes collecting the ingredients to be tested, namely clove leaves, processing simplicia, making extracts, making acne patch formulations, and testing the antibacterial activity of Propionibacterium acnes using the well method. The results of the highest inhibition large, namely at F3 (10%) at 21,213mm very strong, F2 (7.5%) at 19,658mm strong and F1 (5%) at 18,788mm strong.

Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Antibiotic Therapy for Pneumonia at Sleman Regional Hospital in 2023

Amrina Amalia Yogananda, Nurul Faizah, Listiana Hidayati — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Pneumonia is an infectious disease caused by microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. One of the pharmacological therapies used to treat pneumonia is antibiotics. In determining antibiotics, it is necessary to select the frequency to determine the most effective and cost-effective therapy. CEA is a pharmacoeconomic method presented in the cost-effectiveness ratio to assist in drug selection decisions. This study aims to determine the most cost-effective antibiotics at Sleman Regional Hospital during 2023. Data was collected retrospectively using the medical records of pneumonia patients. The number of samples obtained was 27 patients diagnosed with pneumonia. The results showed that males suffered more from pneumonia (62.96%), the most common age was >65 years (37.04%), with a length of hospitalization of ≤5 days (70.37%). The average direct medical cost for single therapy in pneumonia patients is the largest levofloxacin of Rp 9.975.494, and the combination of oral ceftriaxone + azithromycin of Rp 14.802.488. The highest therapeutic effectiveness for single therapy is ceftriaxone at 90%, and the combination of ceftriaxone + gentamicin is 100%. Based on the ACER calculation, ceftriaxone is more cost-effective than levofloxacin for single therapy with an ACER value of Rp 86.967,94. For combination therapy, ceftriaxone + gentamicin is more cost-effective than ceftriaxone-oral azithromycin with an ACER value of Rp 61.922,26.

COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL CREAM FROM GENTLE COLOR EXTRACT (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) WITH VARIATIONS OF COLD CREAM AND VANISHING CREAM BASES AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus

Sahya Rania Sutrisno, Ismi Rahmawati — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Cosmetic care products are designed to enhance human appearance. Centella asiatica (L). Urban, commonly known as gotu grain, is a natural ingredient that can be effectively used in anti-acne creams. The objective of this study is to investigate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of cold cream and vanishing cream bases against Staphylococcus aureus, with a focus on determining their potential inhibitory effects. The preparation of cold cream involved a melt-emulsification process utilizing surfactants. In contrast, the vanishing cream was prepared using a melting method. Physical quality assessment was conducted through visual observation, evaluating organoleptic properties and homogeneity. The physical and antibacterial properties of the creams were evaluated using various standardized methods. Viscosity was measured using a Brookfield Viscometer, pH levels were assessed with a pH meter, spreadability and adhesion were evaluated using respective testers, and antibacterial activity was determined via the disc diffusion method. Statistical analysis of the physical quality test results was performed using the Independent Samples T-test, while antibacterial activity data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA. The results of the physical quality evaluation revealed significant differences in the organoleptic properties among the gotu-gotu extract cream, cold cream base variation, and vanishing cream. However, no significant differences were observed in terms of homogeneity among the three formulations. The vanishing cream exhibited a significantly higher spreadability, with a mean value of 5.98 cm (n=3), compared to the cold cream base variation. Conversely, the vanishing cream displayed lower viscosity (mean: 3,560 cP, n=3) and adhesion (mean: 1.61 seconds, n=3) values compared to the cold cream base variation. The gotu-gotu extract cream formulated with a vanishing cream base exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, as evidenced by a significant inhibition zone diameter of 17.6 mm. This result meets the criteria for strong inhibition strength and is comparable to the positive control, demonstrating superior antibacterial efficacy relative to the cold cream base variation.

Systematic review of the safety evaluation of traditional medicine use in Indonesia

Muhammad Reski Manno, Diva Nur Anggraini, Rayhan Anasiru, R.A Oetari — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Indonesia, as a country with abundant biodiversity, has long used traditional medicinal plants to treat various diseases. The use of traditional medicine by the Indonesian people has been going on for a long time and is diverse, although there are still shortcomings in research related to its efficacy and safety. This study aims to evaluate how the Indonesian people use traditional medicine, including dosage, frequency, processing methods, and applications, as well as to assess the safety and effectiveness of its use. The method used is a systematic review with PRISMA guidance, where a literature search was conducted in the PubMed database using keywords related to the use of traditional medicine in Indonesia. From the search results, ten relevant articles were obtained which were analyzed. The results of the study indicate that although the use of traditional medicine is quite good, further research is still needed regarding the right dosage, the right choice of ingredients, and safe use methods. In addition, the importance of education, supervision, and the role of pharmacists and related agencies in ensuring the safety and effectiveness of traditional medicine in the community is also emphasized. This study is expected to contribute to increasing the understanding of the Indonesian people regarding the safe and effective use of traditional medicine.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF COMBINATION OF KEPOK BANANA COMBUS (Musa x paradisiaca L.) EXTRACT AND COCONUT OIL (Virgin Coconut Oil) SHAMPOO

Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Shampoo is a hair care product that is used to clean the hair and scalp.Shampoo containing natural ingredients can be an alternative for healthy scalp and hair.The saponin content in the kepok banana hump (Musa x paradisiaca L.) can function as a foamer and a combination of coconut oil (Virgin coconut oil) as a moisturizer (emollient).This research aims to formulate and evaluate a shampoo preparation containing banana weevil extract (Musa x paradisiaca L.) and coconut oil (Virgin coconut oil) in the shampoo preparation. This research is an experimental research. In this research, the formulation of kepok banana weevil extract (Musa x paradisiaca L.) 4%, 8% and 12% and coconut oil (Virgin coconut oil) concentrations of 10%, 12% and 15% were carried out. Extract yield was carried out using the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent with a ratio of 1: 7.5. Evaluation of the physical properties of shampoo includes organoleptic observations, pH determination, specific gravity measurement, foam height measurement, viscosity and homogeneity testing.Data analysis was carried out using SPSS. Based on research on kepok banana weevil extract (Musa x paradisiaca L.)a thick, reddish brown colored extract was obtained, with a distinctive slightly sweet aroma with a yield of 11.4445% from 400 grams of dried banana weevil. The results of the phytochemical screening of the thick extract of banana weevils were positive for containing saponin compounds. The test results for shampoo preparations F1, F2 and F3 have a cream to brownish cream color, a liquid texture and a coconut banana smell, homogeneous preparations, pH range 6.72 – 8.23; has a foam height of 1.8 – 2.3 cm; viscosity 216 – 250 dPas and specific gravity 0.9569 – 1.0272 g/mL. The results of analysis using One Way ANOVA showed a p value <0.05 in foam height, pH value and viscosity for the three formulas, there were significant differences.This research shows that the addition of banana weevil extract (Musa x paradisiaca L.) and coconut oil (Virgin coconut oil) affects the characteristics of the shampoo preparation.

Phytochemical Study of Pineapple Peel: Effect of Drying Method on Flavonoid Content of Ethanol Extract

Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Food waste refers to discarded food materials at the final stage of the food supply chain. One such waste product with potential for utilization in traditional medicine is pineapple peel (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.), which contains various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. Among these metabolites, flavonoids are well-known for their antioxidant properties. This study aimed to compare the total flavonoid content in ethanol extracts of pineapple peel subjected to two different drying methods. The drying methods used were sun drying and oven drying at 50 °C. The dried pineapple peels were extracted using 96% ethanol through the Soxhlet extraction method. Phytochemical constituents were identified through colorimetric reactions and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The total flavonoid content was determined colorimetrically using AlCl₃ reagent and measured by UV-Visible spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 439 nm, with quercetin used as the standard. The results indicated that the extract yields from the sun-dried and oven-dried samples were 5.60% and 5.75% (w/w), respectively. TLC analysis revealed Rf values of 0.85, 0.80, and 0.91. The total flavonoid content in the sun-dried sample was 35.44 ± 0.55 mgQE/g, while that in the oven-dried sample was 25.40 ± 0.98 mgQE/g. Statistical analysis using the Independent Sample t-test demonstrated a significant difference in total flavonoid content between the two drying methods.

End User Computing Satisfaction for Natural Medicine Information System for Pharmacy Vocational Personnel as Users in Semarang City

Modestus Ratu, Sri Suwarni, A. Ratna Wulandari, Martanty Aditya, Arif Santoso — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The use of herbal medicine is a method of treatment that utilizes plants, either empirically by the community or with the help of information from healthcare professionals. This research aims to evaluate the level of satisfaction and the strength of the relationship between the dimensions of satisfaction using the End User’s Computing Satisfaction method by Pharmacy Vocational Personnel towards the Natural Herbal Medicine Information System (SI-OBAL) in Semarang City. This research is a non-experimental study with the EUCS method, which is qualitatively quantified prospectively. The instrument used was a questionnaire that has been tested by experts and through validation and reliability testing. The data was analyzed using frequency statistics to describe the characteristics of the respondents and the percentage of each dimension, which includes end-user satisfaction with technological aspects such as content, accuracy, format, timeliness, and ease of use of the system. The results of the study show that the overall level of satisfaction of Pharmacy Vocational Personnel with the Natural Herbal Medicine Information System (SI-OBAL) is 84.19%, which is categorized as very satisfied. This indicates that SI-OBAL has successfully met the needs and satisfaction of Pharmacy Vocational Personnel in Semarang City.

Formulation and Effectiveness Test of Antipyretic Patches of Ethanol Extract of Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava L.) in White Mice

Christin Aprillian Beama, Maria Carolinda Poso — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Guava leaves (Psidium guajava L) are one of the traditional medicines empirically used by the community in Indonesia for fever treatment. Guava leaves (Psidium guajava L) contain several compounds, one of which is flavonoids, which play a role in antipyretic activity. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the formulation of guava leaf extract patches (Psidium guajava L) in reducing fever in white rats, and to identify the most effective concentration of the guava leaf extract patch formulation (5%, 10%, and 15%) in lowering fever in white rats. This study used a True Experimental Design (Posttest-Only Control Design).

The test subjects in this study were 25 white rats divided into 5 groups. The positive control group was given a "Bye-bye Fever" patch, the negative control group was given a patch without extract, and the three treatment groups were given guava leaf extract patches with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively. Fever induction was performed by injecting the test subjects with5% peptone (2 ml) intraperitoneally. Rectal temperatures were measured before and after the administration of 5% peptone and following the application of the test material at 15,30, 45, 60,75, 90, 105,120, 150, and 180 minutes.

The results showed that the administration of ethanol extract patches from guava leaves (Psidium guajava L) at a concentration of 15% reduced rectal temperature more significantly compared to concentrations of 10% and 5% over a period of 180 minutes. In this study, the 15% concentration of ethanol extract from guava leaves proved to be the most effective antipyretic concentration.

Identification of Potential Antiviral Drug Interactions in Patients Diagnosed with Covid-19 at Prof. Dr. W.Z. Johannes Regional Hospital, Kupang

Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

COVID-19 is a disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. This virus was first identified in Wuhan, China and is one of the new species of Corona virus that can cause pneumonia and threaten the world because it spreads very quickly and causes death so that the WHO declared a pandemic status. Range COVID-19 occurs in patients with comorbid or comorbid conditions. Treatment of COVID-19 patients uses drugs such as antivirals, antibiotics, and immunomodulators. Concomitant use of antivirals and other drugs should be considered so as to prevent the possibility of Drug Related Problems such as drug interactions. The purpose of the study was to determine the potential interaction of antiviral drugs in COVID-19 patients at RSUD Prof. Dr. W.Z. Johanes Kupang. This study is an observational descriptive study that collected data retrospectively by looking at medical record data of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with cardiovascular comorbidities. The population in this study is medical record data of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who underwent hospitalization in 2022, which was 103 patients and samples obtained by 23 patients. Evaluation of drug interactions based on the mechanism of action and severity in patients shows that potential drug interactions occur pharmacodynamically (3 events) and pharmacokinetics (14 events) while based on severity shows the potential interactions occur at mild severity as many as 3 events and moderate as many as 14 events.

Keywords: Antivirus, COVID-19, Comorbid, Drug related problem, Drug Interaction

Effectiveness of Burn Wound Healing Due to Administration of Clove Leaf Ethanol Extract Gel (Syzygium aromaticum L.) in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Ranatri Puruhita, Silvy Aldila, Destiana Putri Ariyani — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Burns are damage to the organs that can happen when heat exposure from fire, chemicals, electricity, or radiation damages or destroys skin tissue. For burns, topical treatment can hasten the healing process. Because clove leaves have antiseptic qualities and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity, their secondary metabolites—flavonoids, tannins, and saponins—can be used to treat open wounds and stop infection. The purpose of this study is to create a gel formulation using clove leaf extract that will treat burn wounds without causing skin infections. Two formulations of the gel preparation, each with a 10% and 15% concentration, were evaluated on test rabbits. Using a hot iron plate, the rabbits' backs were shaved to cause burns. Clove leaf extract gel was used for the treatment group, Bioplacenton® was used as the positive control, and gel base was used as the negative control. Measurements of the wound's diameter were taken on days 0 and 15, and SPSS was used to analyze the results. Clove leaf extract burn gel is 60.98% effective in formula 1 and 77.16% effective in formula 2. Formula 2 is the gel formulation that works best for treating rabbit burns.

Microbiological Quality Analysis of Goat Milk Kefir Obtained from the Dibergas Home Industry in Semarang Regency

Untsa Alfiyaturrakhma, Anisa Nova Puspitaningrum, Novita Dwi Dahliyanti — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Kefir is a fermented milk product known for its health benefits, primarily due to its probiotic microorganism content. One type of milk that is increasingly popular for making kefir is goat's milk, as it has a composition that is easier to digest and has high nutritional potential. However, the microbiological quality of goat milk kefir needs to be thoroughly analyzed to ensure its safety and probiotic effectiveness. The presence of microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and potential pathogenic contaminants plays a crucial role in determining the quality of kefir, both in terms of health benefits and product stability. Therefore, analyzing the microbiological quality of goat milk kefir is essential as a foundation for developing safe, high-quality, and nutritious functional food products. Research Objective : This study aims to analyze the microbiological quality of kefir made from goat’s milk, with a focus on identifying and quantifying the dominant microorganisms involved in the fermentation process, such as lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Research Method: The analysis of microbiological quality was carried out using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The counts of bacteria and yeast were conducted in duplicate. The results were then compared to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for fermented beverages.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Clay Mask Preparation from Moringa Leaf Extract (Moringa Oliefera L.) as an Anti-Acne Preparation Against Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria ATCC 25923

Khusna Santika Rahmasari, Urmatul Waznah, Slamet Slamet, Mafruroh Mafruroh — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Acne can disrupt appearance and cause discomfort due to pain. The bacteria that can cause acne is Staphylococcus aureus. Excessive or inappropriate use of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance. One plant that has effectiveness as an antibacterial is Moringa leaves (Moringa Oliefera L.). The application of Moringa leaf extract as an antibacterial can be made into a clay mask preparation. The purpose of this study was to prove that Moringa leaf extract can be used as a clay mask and a clay mask preparation of Moringa leaf extract as an anti-acne against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Moringa leaf extract was obtained by maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. The extract was formulated in the form of a clay mask with various concentrations of 15%, 20%, 25%. The results of the parameter tests included organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesiveness, viscosity and stability. Antibacterial activity tests were also carried out using the disc method. The research test of the inhibitory activity of the Moringa leaf extract clay mask showed good formula results at a concentration of 25% with an inhibitory diameter of 28.96 ± 0.43 mm. This study can be concluded that Moringa leaf extract can be formulated into a clay mask preparation and the resulting inhibition zone area with the clear zone area in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Effectiveness of Bay Leaf Extract (Syzygium polyanthum) as Antidiarrheal in Balb/C Mice (Mus musculus)

Muizzatul Khafidloh, Erni Sulistiawati, Ervina Nanda Sagatana — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Bay leaves as a cooking ingredient in Indonesia are also a herbal medicinal plant as a traditional treatment for digestive problems such as diarrhea. This research aims to obtain information on the effective dosage of bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum) as an antidiarrhea. This research used 15 mice and divided them into 5 groups which were carried out using two methods, namely intestinal protection and intestinal transit. The requirements are divided into negative control (1% CMC-Na suspension), positive control (Loperamide HCl 0.26 mg/KgBW), and groups with graded doses (50 mg/KgBW, 100 mg/KgBW, and 150 mg/KgBW) given sequential orally. The parameters observed in this study were defecation frequency, stool consistency, and the ratio of marker passages in the intestines of mice. A dose of 150 mg/KgBW provides the best antidiarrheal effect. This is proven by the significantly different results in the two methods that have been carried out for the drug loperamide. The content of tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids in bay leaves provides an antidiarrheal effect on diarrheal diseases.

The Influence of Halal Labels on Herbal Medicine Packaging on Purchasing Decisions at Cangkiran Pharmacy

Erki Arfianto, Nadya Marceilha, Ery Ardiyanti Ningtyas — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Considering that the majority of Indonesia's population is Muslim, pharmaceutical products must have halal certification and labeling. Consuming something halal is a mandatory thing for Muslims. Use of herbal medicine When consuming a herbal medicine product, one must pay attention to the halal status of the medicine by seeing whether there is a halal logo on the herbal medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the halal label of herbal medicine influences consumer purchasing decisions at the Cangkiran Pharmacy and to determine the level of public knowledge of the halal label. This type of research uses a quantitative descriptive approach with a sampling technique method using purposive sampling. The instrument used is a questionnaire with validation and reliability tests. The results of the study showed that the results of the validation test were declared valid and the reliability test was declared reliable or trustworthy. for questionnaire questions showed the highest average percentage, namely agree (ST). This can indicate that the decision to buy halal-labeled herbal medicine is largely influenced by the halal label.

An Overview of Hypertension Patient Compliance at the Ngaliyan Community Health Center in Semarang City Using the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) Approach

Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Based on the 2018 Riskesdas, the prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia was 34.1%, where Central Java reached 37.57%, and Semarang City ranked first at 19.56%. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease that occurs when a person's blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or more, also due to patient's non-compliance in taking medication. This study aims to determine the picture of compliance in patients with hypertension using the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) approach. This observational study used a cross-sectional method with the Hill-Bone and SCT compliance questionnaires. This study was conducted at the outpatient pharmacy service of the Ngaliyan Health Center in Semarang City in the period March-May 2024 with a total of 145 respondents. The results obtained were that the level of compliance in taking medication for hypertension patients mostly had a moderate level of compliance of 100 respondents (69%), while respondents who had a low level of compliance were 30 respondents (21%) and those who had high compliance were 15 respondents (10%). The results of the SCT approach showed that most hypertension sufferers were in the high category with 56 respondents (47%), the moderate category with 68 respondents (47%), and the low category with 21 respondents (14%).